Certified Wound Ostomy Nurse (CWON) Practice Test

What is the primary pathology of Lower Extremity Venous Disease (LEVD)?

1. Thrombus formation in deep veins

2. Arterial occlusion and ischemia

3. Valvular incompetence leading to fluid retention

4. Excessive lymphatic drainage

The correct answer is: Valvular incompetence leading to fluid retention

The primary pathology of Lower Extremity Venous Disease (LEVD) is valvular incompetence leading to fluid retention. In LEVD, the veins in the lower extremities are unable to efficiently return blood to the heart due to the malfunction of the valves. This incompetence can cause blood to pool in the veins, leading to increased venous pressure and resultant fluid leakage into the surrounding tissues, which can manifest as swelling, pain, and potentially contribute to skin changes or ulcer formation. The condition primarily arises from risk factors such as prolonged standing, obesity, or previous venous thromboembolism that stress the venous system over time. Addressing valvular incompetence is essential in managing LEVD, as it is the fundamental problem that leads to the associated symptoms and complications. While thrombus formation in deep veins and arterial occlusion are related to venous and arterial diseases, respectively, they do not define the primary pathology of LEVD specifically. On the other hand, excessive lymphatic drainage is not characteristic of LEVD but rather pertains to lymphatic disorders. Thus, the focus on valvular incompetence is key to understanding the pathology and management of Lower Extremity Venous Disease.